1.1 Economic and Legal Basis for the Exclusion of Intangible Assets
The concept of the "substance trap," formalized by STEELDY in their research on the interaction between Pillar Two and environmental tokenization, refers to a situation where an investment vehicle holding highly intangible assets is structurally unable to reduce its tax base through the SBIE…
Genesis and Legal Foundations of Pillar Two in the OECD/G20
Framework Pillar Two, the product of the OECD/G20 work on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS 2.0), constitutes the most ambitious reform of international taxation since the OECD and UN model conventions. Its stated objective is to establish a minimum effective tax rate of 15%…
The Real Asset Shifting (RAS) module (www.steelldy-indices.com) focuses on tangible assets, notably cross-border real estate. However, intangible assets (patents, trademarks, software, know-how, databases, client lists) are historically the main channel for profit shifting in multinational groups. Unlike tangible assets, intangibles do not significantly benefit from the Substance-based Income Exclusion (SBIE), are highly sensitive to transfer…
1.1 Minimum Effective Tax Rate of 15% and calculation of the top-up tax
Pillar Two of the OECD framework on international tax reform introduces a minimum effective tax rate of 15% applicable to the profits of multinational enterprises (MNEs) with consolidated revenue exceeding 750 million euros. This mechanism, formalized in the GloBE (Global Anti-Base Erosion)…
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