1.1 Replicating Carbon Price Exposure Without Physical Holding of Credits
Synthetic tokens offer exposure to carbon credit prices without requiring the physical holding of the underlying credits, by using derivative mechanisms such as futures contracts, total return swaps, or price oracles that replicate the performance of a carbon market benchmark index. This structure offers advantages…
1.1 Collective Structuring and Pooling of Heterogeneous Quality Carbon Credits
Pool tokens represent a stake in a collective portfolio of carbon credits with heterogeneous characteristics, structured as a mutual fund or a collective investment vehicle. This form of tokenization allows for the pooling of risks specific to each carbon credit and offers increased liquidity compared…
We are not in a classic crypto cycle; we are witnessing the commoditization of the settlement layer. Bretton Woods I (1944) used a gold-pegged dollar settled via correspondent banks (SWIFT/CHIPS). The current regime (post-1971) relies on the petrodollar and sovereign debt. Bretton Woods 2.0 is based on a Dual Pillar Regime:
1. Physical Pillar…
1.1 Direct Ownership Tokens
1.1.1 On-chain Representation of Carbon Credits Held in Custody by the Investor
Direct ownership tokens constitute the most fundamental form of carbon credit tokenization, representing a digital claim on a physical carbon credit held in custody by an accredited custodian. This structure ensures a one-to-one correspondence between the issued token and…
The widespread implementation of OECD Pillar Two (GloBE rules) starting in fiscal year 2024-2025 fundamentally alters the economics of tokenized carbon credit investment. This analysis, based on quantitative modeling and international tax doctrine, demonstrates three key effects: Pillar Two erodes the tax value of tokenized carbon credits by neutralizing non-refundable tax credits and ESG incentives…
Carbon Credit Market