Executive Summary
The 3:2:1 crack spread serves as a primary proxy for gross refining margins, calculated as:
3:2:1 Crack Spread=2×PGasoline (bbl)+1×PDistillate/Heating Oil (bbl)−3×PCrude (bbl)3\text{3:2:1 Crack Spread} = \frac{2 \times P_{\text{Gasoline (bbl)}} + 1 \times P_{\text{Distillate/Heating Oil (bbl)}} - 3 \times P_{\text{Crude (bbl)}}}{3}
where prices are typically futures-settled (e.g., WTI/RBOB/NYH HO for USGC benchmarks; Brent equivalents or regional baskets for Europe).…
Gold prices have plummeted, trading near $4,078.00, down 4.26%, and silver near $63.605, down 2.66%, following Wednesday's trading close. This decline is attributed to a higher-than-expected May inflation report, rising Treasury yields, and escalating US-Iran tensions, which have overshadowed demand for safe-haven assets. US consumer prices rose 0.5% in May and 4.2% year-on-year, with core…
This study details an advanced quantitative modeling of a conditional hedge for a crypto-exposed portfolio, employing Micro E-mini Nasdaq-100 (MNQ) futures contracts as the hedging instrument. The calibration is based on a dynamic conditional beta of BTC/Nasdaq at 0.45, estimated using a multivariate DCC-GARCH(1,1) model with Markov regime switching. Key Findings:
¤ Minimum Variance Hedge…
We are not in a classic crypto cycle; we are witnessing the commoditization of the settlement layer. Bretton Woods I (1944) used a gold-pegged dollar settled via correspondent banks (SWIFT/CHIPS). The current regime (post-1971) relies on the petrodollar and sovereign debt. Bretton Woods 2.0 is based on a Dual Pillar Regime:
1. Physical Pillar…
1.1 Direct Ownership Tokens
1.1.1 On-chain Representation of Carbon Credits Held in Custody by the Investor
Direct ownership tokens constitute the most fundamental form of carbon credit tokenization, representing a digital claim on a physical carbon credit held in custody by an accredited custodian. This structure ensures a one-to-one correspondence between the issued token and…
On Tuesday, May 12, 2026, gold prices dropped by 1.5% to $4,665 despite the US Bureau of Labor Statistics reporting the April Consumer Price Index (CPI) at 3.8% year-over-year, the highest since May 2023. This counterintuitive movement occurs because high inflation data first influences the Federal Reserve's expectations, which then drives market reactions, often moving…
Tune in to this week’s The Gold Spot as Scottsdale Bullion & Coin Precious Metals Advisors Damian White and Tim Murphy break down the link between new Fed leadership and economic downturns, what drives this recurring pattern, and why Kevin Warsh may be facing the toughest setup yet.
The audio examines the recurring pattern of…
As of April 30, 2026, the Buffett Ratio (Wilshire 5000 / annualized nominal GDP) reached 227%, with a peak high of 232.6% in March. Paul Tudor Jones uses an expanded measure (total market capitalization / GDP) amounting to approximately 252%, incorporating foreign companies listed in the US and tokenized real assets. This ratio, adjusted for…
The drop in gold to $4,575 (the sharpest daily decline since 2020) does not invalidate the "Gold/Wheat = Twin Survival Assets" thesis. It represents a tactical decoupling induced by a sudden shift in monetary regime. Multi-engine analysis reveals the following sequence:
Monetary Shock: The Fed adopts an unexpectedly hawkish tone, pushing rate cuts to 2027.…
DATE: March 6, 2026 | STATUS: CRITICAL / ABSOLUTE PRIORITY MODEL: Bayesian Inference & Mosaic Theory
The singularity of the "Triple Break"
Integrated analysis via Steelldy Risk Engine v.12.4 and Steelldy Gotham identifies that we are not in a conventional war cycle for gold. We are witnessing a rare convergence between:
(i)…
Analyse de marché
Décarbonisation