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A dimly lit TotalEnergies gas station at night in Nairobi, Kenya, featuring prominent signage.
Analyse de marchéAnalyse de marché

Refiner Margin Squeeze and the 3:2:1 Crack Spread Signal: Technical Analysis with Focus on TotalEnergies (as of mid-June 2026)

Executive Summary The 3:2:1 crack spread serves as a primary proxy for gross refining margins, calculated as: 3:2:1 Crack Spread=2×PGasoline (bbl)+1×PDistillate/Heating Oil (bbl)−3×PCrude (bbl)3\text{3:2:1 Crack Spread} = \frac{2 \times P_{\text{Gasoline (bbl)}} + 1 \times P_{\text{Distillate/Heating Oil (bbl)}} - 3 \times P_{\text{Crude (bbl)}}}{3} where prices are typically futures-settled (e.g., WTI/RBOB/NYH HO for USGC benchmarks; Brent equivalents or regional baskets for Europe).…
06/11/20260Comments

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Legal and tax studies

Regulatory Fundamentals and Architecture of Pillar Two in France | Operational Mechanisms of the GloBE Regime

1.1 Minimum Effective Tax Rate of 15% and calculation of the top-up tax Pillar Two of the OECD framework on international tax reform introduces a minimum effective tax rate of 15% applicable to the profits of multinational enterprises (MNEs) with consolidated revenue exceeding 750 million euros. This mechanism, formalized in the GloBE (Global Anti-Base Erosion)…
05/20/20260Comments

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Analyse de marchéAnalyse de marché

Oil Reserves Plummet: JPMorgan Warns of Looming Economic Shock as Global Buffer Vanishes

Oil reserves are rapidly depleting, eroding the world's crucial buffer against supply shocks. A concerning JP Morgan chart, discussed by David Russell of GoldCore and featured in Bloomberg, illustrates the drastic decline in total discovered oil reserves, measured in billions of barrels. These reserves initially built up during the COVID-19 pandemic when demand plummeted,…
05/18/20260Comments

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Legal and tax studies

Stochastic Modeling of the Impact of Pillar Two (OECD) on Tax Engineering and the Valuation of Tokenized Carbon Investments (TCC): Correlation Analysis Between STEELLDY’s CCQI Index and the Risk-Adjusted Tax Performance of TCCs in French Jurisdiction

The impact of the Pillar Two international tax regime (OECD) on the valuation and structuring of tokenized carbon credit (TCC) investments, particularly in France. (A) Structural effect of Pillar Two on the taxation of TCCs ¤ Pillar Two imposes a minimum effective rate of 15% on the profits of multinational corporations, neutralizing tax optimization…
05/10/20260Comments

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