Executive Summary
The 3:2:1 crack spread serves as a primary proxy for gross refining margins, calculated as:
3:2:1 Crack Spread=2×PGasoline (bbl)+1×PDistillate/Heating Oil (bbl)−3×PCrude (bbl)3\text{3:2:1 Crack Spread} = \frac{2 \times P_{\text{Gasoline (bbl)}} + 1 \times P_{\text{Distillate/Heating Oil (bbl)}} - 3 \times P_{\text{Crude (bbl)}}}{3}
where prices are typically futures-settled (e.g., WTI/RBOB/NYH HO for USGC benchmarks; Brent equivalents or regional baskets for Europe).…

Economie
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Gold prices have plummeted, trading near $4,078.00, down 4.26%, and silver near $63.605, down 2.66%, following Wednesday's trading close. This decline is attributed to a higher-than-expected May inflation report, rising Treasury yields, and escalating US-Iran tensions, which have overshadowed demand for safe-haven assets. US consumer prices rose 0.5% in May and 4.2% year-on-year, with core…
Silver, a unique hybrid asset (monetary, industrial, speculative, linked to energy transition), exhibits higher volatility than gold. Its price is influenced by monetary demand, industrial demand, physical supply, and real interest rates.
The primary driver, monetary demand, is linked to real interest rates (nominal rates minus inflation). When real rates are negative, the opportunity…
Excerpt from the article by Neils Christensen
The gold market has experienced a downturn, with prices falling below $4,500 and testing the critical 200-day moving average support. Despite this short-term selling pressure, attributed to inflation concerns and speculation of interest rate hikes, one fund manager, Tom Winmill of the Midas Discovery Fund, believes the long-term…
Doug Moglia, a strategist at Rockefeller Global Investment Management, identifies gold as the anchor of a new commodity cycle, projecting its long-term bull market to persist despite recent volatility. Commodities are regaining traction for diversification as structural demand outpaces constrained supply. While broader commodity trends are shaped by electrification, AI, reshoring, energy security, and underinvestment,…
UBS has lowered its 2026 gold price target to $5,500 from $5,900, citing higher Treasury yields and a stronger dollar. Analysts Dominic Schnider and Wayne Gordon at UBS noted that "alternative costs" are becoming more significant as real interest rates remain high, making non-yielding assets like gold less attractive. However, the core reasons for a…
Oil reserves are rapidly depleting, eroding the world's crucial buffer against supply shocks. A concerning JP Morgan chart, discussed by David Russell of GoldCore and featured in Bloomberg, illustrates the drastic decline in total discovered oil reserves, measured in billions of barrels.
These reserves initially built up during the COVID-19 pandemic when demand plummeted,…
Estimated losses in the oil market reached 800 million barrels in March-April, growing to 1 billion barrels by mid-May, according to the IEA. This compares to a cumulative intervention of 400 million barrels, including the US. Before the conflict, global observable reserves in February stood at 8,185 million barrels; however, a significant portion is operational,…
On Tuesday, May 12, 2026, gold prices dropped by 1.5% to $4,665 despite the US Bureau of Labor Statistics reporting the April Consumer Price Index (CPI) at 3.8% year-over-year, the highest since May 2023. This counterintuitive movement occurs because high inflation data first influences the Federal Reserve's expectations, which then drives market reactions, often moving…
Global gold ETFs registered inflows despite inflationary risks, with gold prices hovering near 4,700 per ounce at the start of the week. Analysts remain optimistic about a price recovery in the second half of the year due to sustained investment demand, evidenced by global gold-backed ETF inflows in April.
According to the World Gold…