Gold prices have seen aggressive growth in recent years, reaching a historic high in January before stabilizing. Many market veterans, like mining legend Pierre Lassonde, view this as a temporary consolidation before a multi-year bull cycle, predicting gold could reach $17,250. This optimistic forecast is primarily driven by the surge in US government debt. Analyzing…
SpaceX's historic June 12, 2026 IPO, priced at $135/share, raised $75 billion, valuing the company at $1.77 trillion. The stock opened at $150 (+11.1%), hit $176.52 intraday, and closed between $160-$173 (+19-28%), pushing its market cap above $2.1 trillion. The central thesis highlights severe negative convexity, typical of hyper-valued tech IPOs, with a 2025 revenue…
Executive Summary
High retail investor participation in IPOs at stretched valuations generates negative convexity in the broader equity market: initial positive gamma from FOMO-driven buying (short-term momentum) reverses into amplified downside convexity upon sentiment shift, due to herding, low information processing, and liquidity withdrawal. Historical data confirm that elevated retail flows in late-cycle IPO…
The Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP) — a 4,128 km project linking Nigerian gas fields (Warri region) through Niger to Algeria’s Hassi R’Mel hub, with onward connection to European markets via existing Algerian infrastructure — represents a geostrategic diversification play for Europe amid categorical reduction of Russian fossil fuel dependence (oil imports down to <3-5% of…
Executive Summary
Satellite signatures combined with AIS vessel tracking and OSINT currently indicate elevated refinery activity in US/Europe amid global disruptions, but severe anomalies in Middle East tanker flows through the Strait of Hormuz. As of mid-June 2026, Hormuz transits are near-historic lows (often <10 vessels/day, down 70-97% from baseline), with widespread "dark" operations…
Executive Summary
Reduction in refined fuel demand (gasoline/diesel) is primarily driven by electrification (EV penetration ~25% global new sales 2025, displacing ~1.2 mb/d oil equivalent), efficiency gains (MPG improvements offsetting VMT growth), and behavioral shifts, not dominantly by 15-minute city models. The 15-minute city (proximity-based urbanism) and smart digitalized local economies contribute secondarily via…
Executive Summary
Transition risks under 2°C pathways (IEA NZE/APS equivalents) drive structural demand destruction for refined products, compressing refining margins via volume contraction, utilization drops, and policy/carbon cost overlays. Carbon Tracker’s foundational 2017 “Margin Call” analysis projected >50% EBITDA decline by 2035 for ~94% of global capacity under a 2D scenario (oil demand -23%…
Executive Summary
The posited Liquidity Trap manifests as a regime where elevated nominal asset prices (gold near recent highs, equities at stretched valuations) coincide with forced liquidations driven by margin calls, collateral constraints, and retail FOMO entry, without corresponding real-economy liquidity expansion. Under conditions of gold stabilizing below $4,150/oz and WTI/Brent oil around $88/bbl (current…
1. Carbon Pricing Framework: Explicit (EU ETS) vs. Implicit/Internal Shadow Pricing
TotalEnergies employs an internal carbon price (ICP)1 or shadow price in its project evaluations and asset impairment testing. Currently, its base case includes a minimum price of $100/tCO₂ (or higher jurisdictional prices) starting in 2023, with a 2% annual increase after 2030.
Sensitivity…
Analyse de marché
Décarbonisation