The Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP) — a 4,128 km project linking Nigerian gas fields (Warri region) through Niger to Algeria’s…
Executive Summary Satellite signatures combined with AIS vessel tracking and OSINT currently indicate elevated refinery activity in US/Europe amid global…
Executive Summary Reduction in refined fuel demand (gasoline/diesel) is primarily driven by electrification (EV penetration ~25% global new sales 2025,…
Executive Summary Transition risks under 2°C pathways (IEA NZE/APS equivalents) drive structural demand destruction for refined products, compressing refining margins…
1. Carbon Pricing Framework: Explicit (EU ETS) vs. Implicit/Internal Shadow Pricing TotalEnergies employs an internal carbon price (ICP)1 or shadow…
Executive Summary The 3:2:1 crack spread serves as a primary proxy for gross refining margins, calculated as: 3:2:1 Crack Spread=2×PGasoline (bbl)+1×PDistillate/Heating Oil (bbl)−3×PCrude (bbl)3\text{3:2:1 Crack Spread}…
Notre analyse multi-modèles appliquée aux données publiques confirme que TotalEnergies utilise une architecture complexe d’optimisation fiscale via sa filiale de…
L'interdiction par l'Union européenne d'importer des produits pétroliers d'origine russe, y compris ceux raffinés hors de Russie depuis le 21…