Executive Summary High retail investor participation in IPOs at stretched valuations generates negative convexity in the broader equity market: initial…
The Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline (TSGP) — a 4,128 km project linking Nigerian gas fields (Warri region) through Niger to Algeria’s…
Executive Summary Satellite signatures combined with AIS vessel tracking and OSINT currently indicate elevated refinery activity in US/Europe amid global…
Executive Summary Reduction in refined fuel demand (gasoline/diesel) is primarily driven by electrification (EV penetration ~25% global new sales 2025,…
Executive Summary Transition risks under 2°C pathways (IEA NZE/APS equivalents) drive structural demand destruction for refined products, compressing refining margins…
Executive Summary The posited Liquidity Trap manifests as a regime where elevated nominal asset prices (gold near recent highs, equities…
1. Carbon Pricing Framework: Explicit (EU ETS) vs. Implicit/Internal Shadow Pricing TotalEnergies employs an internal carbon price (ICP)1 or shadow…
Executive Summary The 3:2:1 crack spread serves as a primary proxy for gross refining margins, calculated as: 3:2:1 Crack Spread=2×PGasoline (bbl)+1×PDistillate/Heating Oil (bbl)−3×PCrude (bbl)3\text{3:2:1 Crack Spread}…
Gold prices have plummeted, trading near $4,078.00, down 4.26%, and silver near $63.605, down 2.66%, following Wednesday's trading close. This…
This study details an advanced quantitative modeling of a conditional hedge for a crypto-exposed portfolio, employing Micro E-mini Nasdaq-100 (MNQ)…